Vygotsky And Vygotsky Early Childhood Development

Amanda Rezzonico Piaget vs Vygotsky Early Childhood Development Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are known in the educational world. Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The child is able to grasp what is happening in the world, they are then able to distinguish what they have already learned as well as what they will discover. On the opposite side of this, Vygotsky had believed that the â€Å"socio-cultural environment is†¦show more content†¦(1991). Although Lev Vygotsky’s main field of work was developmental psychology, he also had come up with a theory for higher cognitive functions in children (Lev Vygotsky. (2013). Encyclopedia of World). It was in this development that Vygotsky began to see the arrival of reasoning in a social environment through practical activity. In the beginning stages of his career, Vygotsky stood firm in his belief that the development of reasoning was brought about by the use of signs and symbols, and was contingent on cultural practices in addition to universal cognitive processes. Lev Vygotsky also conceived the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development, this happens when the student is able to complete tasks without any assistance. This fills the void for what learners can accomplish on their own and what they need support with (BlakePope,2008, p60). In today’s society, there is a disagreement among researchers and educators as to the role of developmental psychology and its application in elementary classrooms. â€Å"It is widely accepted in the educational field that children must go through the process of learning to think and thinking to learn† (Blake Pope). In classrooms there are a wide variety of strategies that can be applied. When the mind of a child is being engaged it becomes extremely beneficial to their education. If you have a child that does not question, answer, and use their imagination, it can come off as them beingShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Course At Savannah Technical College Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Throughout the ECCE 1101 Introduction to Early Childhood course at Savannah Technical College there were several theorists introduced in the course that had a major impact on molding the foundation for an understanding of early childhood as a whole. Although the scope covered a broad spectrum of early childhood, majority of the main focus was on early education. The work of Lev Vygotsky greatly influenced the field of early education. This paper will include a brief summary of Vygotsky’sRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky s Impact On The Early Childhood Sector Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. This essay will also l ink the chosen theories back to Te WhÄ riki and the New Zealand early childhood curriculum. Lev Vygotsky believedRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Experiential Learning1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn this childhood developmental study, a comparative analysis of the theories of Lee Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, and Howard Gardner will be evaluated through the lens of experiential learning. Through Vygotsky’s realization of the childhood learning through â€Å"hands-on† experience (experiential learning), the cultural and socioeconomic factors defines the progress a child makes in the individual progression towards growth in the educational system. Piaget beheld similar views on experiential learning inRead MoreSociocultural Learning Affects the Development of Children Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesAffects the Development of Children ECE 101 Professor Kara Bullock Chakera Simon October 12, 2010 Sociocultural Learning Affects the Development of Children Lev Vygotsky believed that children learn from their own experience. As a teacher I have grown to learn that Vygotsky’s findings are true in so many ways. Just from watching the children in my classroom I see that the Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding play a huge part in the development of a child. Lev Vygotsky has had increasingRead MoreDiscuss Major Theories Of Human Development And Learning Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagestheories of human development and learning, including MÄ ori and Pasifika perspectives. This essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. This essay will alsoRead MoreCo Constructive Environments Create Learning Opportunities For Children927 Words   |  4 PagesWilliams, 2009). The early childhood setting often bases their program on the developmental play curriculum as this relates to Piaget’s theory of children’s cognition. This approach is about the child constructing their own knowledge of the environment through interactions with others. Little assistance is required besides the educator providing a well-planned environment. Constructivism is a developmental theory developed by Piaget and social constructivism was developed by Vygotsky (MacNaughton WilliamsRead MoreHuman Development1668 Words   |  7 PagesHSV 504: Human Development-Early Memory Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction Many human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in children’s cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood memories as they grow older. He described the processes that could be involved in early memory loss (Crain, 2005). He wasRead MoreThe Play Years805 Words   |  4 PagesThe Play Years Early childhood is often characterized by endless make-believe and sociodramatic play which indicates the development of mental representation. Sociodramtic play differs from simple make-believe play in that it involves play with peers. This stage of play is often referred to as the Preoperational Stage. This is the stage immediately after Piaget#8217;s Sensorimotor Stage. The Preoperational Stage spans from two to about five or six years of age. At this stage, according to PiagetRead MoreSocio-cultural Assessment1369 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity, socio-economic status, education and culture that surround them. (Mooney, 2000). When making an assessment on an individual child it is necessary to consider the background and culture in which they exist. Berger (2005), states that human development results from dynamic interactions between developing persons and their surrounding society and culture. (p.45). Every child is influenced by their own individual socio-cultural and historical environments. Infants are by nature attuned to engageRead MoreInfluence Of Early Childhood Educators1684 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent roles that early childhood educators have in supporting the artistic development of children. The theorists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky and their respective beliefs regarding the instructional practice of early childhood educators will be examined and critiqued. Additionally, this paper will explore what these theorists believe to be the most effective way to teach the visual arts to young children and what role the early childhood educator plays in supporting their development. In a discussion

The Millennium Development Goals ( Mdgs ) - 1522 Words

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were established in 2000 to determine, focus on and put into action steps that will fight eight key areas to help underdeveloped countries. The eight targeted areas which are poverty, education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, disease, the environment and global partnership place attention on areas that will help the improvement and betterment of underdeveloped countries. MDG goals and objectives are clear and concise with a development plan in place to make changes with underdeveloped and middle-income countries. Equally are all eight of the goals, but focusing on poverty, hunger and child mortality, will bring these two goals to the forefront. MDGs for poverty and hunger†¦show more content†¦Two underdeveloped countries that are part of the MDGs are Mali and Honduras with both of these countries in great need of improvement in all eight areas of the MDGs that were established. Both of these underdeveloped countries need extreme help in the fight of poverty MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR MALI AND HONDURAS 3 and hunger and in decreasing child mortality rates. Transformation is underway to help these countries make great strides in the improvement of their daily living. Mali is the largest country located in West Africa with 50% of ethnicity being Maude and the other 50% a mixed of Peul, Voltaic and Songhair (â€Å"Mali Ethnic Group,† 2015). Mali is mainly situated in the Sahara’s, with poverty rate at a staggering 48% (Galatsidas and Sheehy, 2015). Along with extreme poverty and hunger issues, one of Mali’s biggest problems is child mortality. Living in poverty proves to cause many adverse effects such as hunger problems in Mali. With over 69% of Mali people living below the poverty line, this causes huge hunger issues with one in five households, of which 15% of those are children (â€Å"UN Food Programme,† 2016). Living in poverty and being hungry causes so many problems that can last for generations to come. Providing methods and alternatives to putting an end to poverty and hunger will provide immeasurable in all areas of the MDGs. Mali is taking great

Urbanization as a Social Problem Free Essays

How is urbanization negatively effecting our society The answer to this question is not a simple one. This essay will not only break down the problems of urbanization in the United States, but it will also tell you some of the attempts made to fix the problem and give some solutions as to how it could possibly be solved in the future. Also when answering this question one must understand that urbanization, can not be stopped, but only contained in a manner that will help the United States to function better as a country. We will write a custom essay sample on Urbanization as a Social Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now The more densely populated and more heterogeneous a community is, the more accentuated characteristics can be associated with urbanism. Urbanism causes decrease in per capita, and promotes urban violence, political instability, crime and aggressive behavior. Rapid population growth in urban areas also perpetuates poverty. Another major issue being created by this social problem is the breaking of the traditional family structure. Our cities are not working well! Sanitation, safety, transportation, housing, education and even electricity are failing. These are all responsibilities of the government or it is at least their job to regulate these services deemed to be monopolies. And it is a known fact that monopolies deem toward inefficiency. Functionalist look at our cities as a means to profit. Cities are a place where everybody visits, and therefor vendors can raise their prices and profit more on their products. For example, from my own personal experience, I bought a pack of cigarettes for $3. 00 at my local gas station, and when I visited inner city Orlando, I bought the same brand of cigarettes for $4.0 . This is just a minor example, and most of the residents in an urban area are in poverty and have trouble affording the $3. 00 pack if they smoke much less adding a dollar to the already ridiculous cost. In the United States, the breaking of the traditional family structure is an issue that has become increasingly noticeable in recent years, particularly in urbanized areas. The traditional, mom and dad, and children are rarely seen in the inner cities any more. There is a weakened bond of kinship, and declining social family significance as America has transferred industrial, educational and recreational activities to specialized institutions outside of the home. It is depriving families of their most characteristic, historical functions. While individuals pursue their own diverging interests in their educational, vocational, religious and recreational life. With divorce rates rising, delinquency is also becoming more of a problem than before. With single parent families, children lack in the authority department due to the lack of the amount of time their parents have free to raise them. These specialized institutions often help, but can not replace the role of a child s guardian. As long as the divorce rate continues to increase, delinquency will continue to increase in these areas as well. The density of people reinforces effect of numbers in diversifying people and their activities and increasing the complexity of the social structure. The variations of people give rise to segregation of people by race, religious practices, ethnic heritage, as well as economic and social status. Segregation often creates much tension and prejudice between social groups. This can cause physical or mental damage to individuals or society, which means that sometimes people may permanently suffer before any action is taken to solve the problem because the delay in action is most often the result of people underestimating the problems. As for racism and segregation, there is not much that can be done to fix these problems. Individuals will always have their own opinions no matter how ignorant, and the only thing we can do is to hope that these problems die out as we desegregate our communities. People will choose their destination or place of residence according to many different ideals and needs, for example what fits their budget. Political pathology and population growth is closely related because of the population change and this change carries with it a high likelihood of social disruption. Government assumes major responsibility for development attempting to meet rapidly increasing demands for education, housing, agriculture and industrial development, transportation and employment. The government s budget is not distributed equally mainly due to differentiation in areas. Areas with higher income will have higher income and therefor will obviously have a higher budget to work with. Urban areas are usually lacking in the financial department. Therefor they are not able to repair all the problems in which need to be fixed in these areas, such as sanitation, education and many other categories. America has hired approximately fifty percent more teachers in the last few years than have been hired in the past, but the increase in population keeps the classrooms just as large. The effort does not meet the need; thus the problem remains as strong as ever. Due to the overpopulation in urban areas and the lack of employment opportunity, the crime rate is also a huge problem in which they are faced with. Also the lack of the traditional family structure and weakened bonds of kinship weaken the moral of the children growing up in the urban areas. These children grow up in poverty and usually look at crime as a quick and easy way out. The problems in urban areas are far more, than can be handled in any short term efforts. We can only hope to contain them, and attempt to make sure that no more problems arise from the already existing ones. How to cite Urbanization as a Social Problem, Essay examples

IT free essay sample

The definition used here is much broader. It encompasses any career In which the worker is awarded a degree of autonomy In return for services to the public that are performed at a high level. According to this definition, it is within the power if the individual worker to behave like a professional should she or he chooses to do so. The phrases services to the public and performed at a high level are similar to the characteristics of a profession identified by Bayle.The definitions do not, however, fully agree; the definition used by the Good Works Project would include a umber of occupations that lack Baileys necessary attributes. Reflection Questions: 1 . Would an occupation that had Baileys three required attributes plus the three additional attributes Bayle considers common to most professions necessarily be a profession according to the definition used by the Good Works Project? Explain. 2. Is the weather person on the local television station a professional according to either Bayle of the Good Works Projects? Explain. We will write a custom essay sample on IT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A Moral Basis for Professions 1 OFF nail down the particular attributes of a profession. Instead, he defines profession in terms of moral issues (3); A profession is a number of individuals in the same occupation voluntary organized to earn a living by openly serving a certain moral ideal in a morally permissible way beyond what law, market, and morality would otherwise require. This definition requires a little explanation. First of all, recall that morally permissible, defined in the previous chapter, refers to something that is either explicitly moral or morally neutral. Now lets consider the term moral ideal. According to Davis: A moral ideal is a state of affairs that, though nor morally required, everyone (that is, very rational person at his/her rational best) wants everyone else to approach, all else being equal. Moreover, everyone wants that so much that they are willing to reward, assist, or at least praise such conduct if that is the price for others to do the same. Conversely, anyone violating the moral ideal is disproved of, criticized and discouraged from such behavior. It must be morally permissible, but not necessarily morally required.Now lets consider some points worth nothing about Davits definitions. First, a profession is necessarily linked with a code of ethics: It is impossible to satisfy the definition of profession without (something like) a code of ethics, impossible to teach professionalism without teaching the code (at least implicitly), and indeed impossible to understand professions without understanding them as bound by su ch a code. Without a code of ethics, there are only (more or less) honest occupations, trade associations and the like. There are no professions.Another aspect of Davits definition is less obvious and does not appear in any of he previous definitions: a professional puts profession first. That is, when a conflict arises between the professionals code and the policy of an employer or perhaps even the law, the professionals code must take precedence. That is why a Journalist feels she must choose to go to Jail rather than reveal the identity of a source, or why a doctor in a country that does not recognize doctor-patient privilege may do the same if confronted with a choice of violating doctor-patient privilege or going to prison.Finally, notice that Davits definition does not require the code of ethics to enforced by the group or by some authority. In the case of law and medicine, the rules (or at least some of the rules) are enforced by the law as well as by professional code, the code has no true value. However, having people declare their intention to follow a code having them promise, in effect is a well known mechanism for affecting their behavior.Wedding vows, the Hippocratic Oath and the oath of office taken by certain government officials are all meaningful, even though the actual conditions included in the declarations are not directly enforced. If you and I sit own to a game of checkers, there is no external authority to appeal to for a rule judgment, yet the rules of the game are important. Similarly, a code of ethics, if accepted by all the members of a profession, can be important independent of am enforcement mechanism.The occupations associated with computing that we often call profession are not, with the possible exception of software engineering, professions under Davits definition. They do qualify as professions in the sense put forward by Fisherman and her colleagues, but a profession in their model need not follow any specified code or ethical conduct as would be required by Davis. This may change as time goes on. Furthermore, it leaves open the following question: should the computing professions be changed to fall in line with Davits definition? . When students enter a university or colleges, they are commonly presented with the universitys requirements for student conduct. Suppose a student argues that (1) the university requirements define a code of conduct for students, (2) the requirements and hence the code is morally permissible, (3) students enter the university voluntarily and (4) the students are there in order to become qualified for a job, therefore the code is, by Davits definition, a professional code of ethics and being a university student is a profession.

Box Of Fire free essay sample

Aerosmith has released a new collection of CDs. In Box of Fire there are 12 full- length CDs and one bonus CD. There are Aerosmiths original 12 CDs, Aerosmith, Get Your Wings, Toys in the Attic, Rocks, Draw the Line, Live Bootleg, Night in the Ruts, Greatest Hits, Rock in a Hard Place, Classics Live, Classics Live II, and Gems. The bonus CD has a version of Sweet Emotion that has never been released in the United States until now, a version of Rocking Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu, two instrumentals called Subway and Circle Jerk, and it ends with the MTV Anniversary version of Dream On which has never been released as part of any Aerosmith package. Each CD has been completely re-digitized for better sound quality. The CDs have extra information and photos from old concert clippings. The boxed set is not only for diehard Aerosmith fans, it is also great for anyone who loves rock and roll. We will write a custom essay sample on Box Of Fire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It will convince people just how great a band they really are. I highly recommend Box of Fire. It is well worth the price. .

Into the Woods essays

Into the Woods essays Into the Woods Into the Woods was simply an amazing theatrical performance! The play combined suspense ,excitement, and fascinatingly realistic set design to captivate the audience. Half way through this play I found myself and my classmates thinking Wow! What a play! How could anyone dream up such a crazy idea and turn it into a production? I think this is the first time that I have been taken to this level of astonishment. A kind where it just grabs you and throws you. And it knocks the wind out of you! Steven Sondheim, creator of the play, had obviously mastered the skills needed to make me say this. His style was was like a vinegar in the tomato sauce, a present yet unidentifiable hint, which reminds you of the crafters care. Even if you could not quite grasp it it was there. Something that made it stand out. His good sense of humor and wit and his superior plot development were blended subtly so that it wasnt to conglomerate. But most importantly, his use of well known characters which made the audience feel as though their family was up on ! stage. The characters were extremely realistic and were an ideal image of the thoughts they seemed to discharge. The catalyst of the plot were the main characters which were the baker and his wife, Jack, the witch, Red Riding Hood, the wolf and Cinderella were all major. It is this kind of interdependency that adds so much to this play. It was fascinating to me how much relied upon each characters actions. There was more of a co-operative essence about this play than most. The minor characters in this play( the two princes, the giantess, Rapunzel, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, and the bakers father) were also well done, which I have found in other plays to be half rate or quickly whipped up to add a twist which really wasnt a twist at all, but something everybody knew ...

The Mechanics of Profit Maximization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Mechanics of Profit Maximization - Essay Example Marginal Revenue Q = 100 – 0.5P 0.5P = 100 – Q P = (100/0.5) – (Q/0.5) P = 200 – 0.5Q TR = P*Q = (200 - 0.5Q) Q TR = 200Q - 0.5Q^2 MR = dTR/dQ = 200 – Q Marginal Cost TC = 100 + 60 (Q) + (Q) 2 AC = TC/Q = 100/Q + 60 + Q MC = dTC/Dq = 60 + 2Q B) Demonstrate that profit is maximized at the quantity where MR = MC. MR = MC MR = dTR/dQ = 200 – Q MC = dTC/Dq = 60 + 2Q 200 – Q = 60 + 2Q 140 = 3Q Q = 46.67 C) Derive the relationship between marginal revenue and the price elasticity of demand, and show that the profit-maximizing price and quantity will never be the unit-elastic point on the demand curve. The relationship between marginal revenue and the price elasticity of demand can be summed as the percentage change in revenue equaling total percentage changes in quantity and price. R = PQ dR = PdQ + QdP dR/R = PdQ/PQ + QdP/PQ dR/R =dQ/Q + dP/p D) Using the information in (B), demonstrate that the profit-maximizing price and quantity will nev er be in the inelastic portion of the demand curve. ... 8) Explain the difference between firms in monopolistic competition and firms in oligopoly. What does this difference mean for prices and quantities and for economic profit? Firms in monopolistic competition contain large number of small firms, while in an oligopoly contain a small number of large firms (Amosweb, 2013). Also, monopolistic firms are price takers, while oligopolistic firms are price setters. Since oligopolies set the prices of quantities rather than take the prices, they can affect the outcome of the economic profit, where if they set the price high, they earn more profit. The monopolistic firms cannot afford to set the prices high because they cannot compete with oligopoly firms in terms of setting prices (Varun, 2013). With the small number of large firms in oligopoly, it is easier for one firm’s action to influence the action of other firms (Brunelle, 2006). For instance, if one oligopoly firm reduces its price because of increased quantities it will affect t he entire market because it would imply other monopolistic firms would have to reduce their prices and may reduce their profit. 9) A firm has estimated the following demand function for it products: Q = 8 – 2P + 0.10I + A Where Q is quantity demanded per month in thousands, P is product price, I is an index of consumer income, and A is advertising expenditures per month thousands. Assume that P = $10, I = 100, and A = $20. Based on this information, calculate values for: Quantity Demand Q = 8 – 2P + 0.10I + A Q = 8 – 2 (10) + 0.10(100) + 20 Q = 18 Price Elasticity of Demand ed = dQ/dA ed = 1 Advertising Elasticity ae = dQ/dA x A/Q ae = (1) x (20/18) ae = 1.11 % meaning 1 percent

Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Multicultural Education - Essay Example The race is an insightful contributor towards the increasing need to embrace multicultural education around the world. In regard to the increasing interaction of different communities online and physically particularly on an education platform, multiculturalism is promoted by the author in lengths and depths. By offering a global approach from the United States and European perspective on the topic, the author is clearly relevant to the contemporary socio-economic and political dynamism among learners. In an effort to achieve cultural diversity among the various people of diverse backgrounds in schools, the author emphasizes the importance of tolerance for a better learning environment. Despite demonstrating the outstanding significance of this concept, the text has some information gap in regard to comparative statistics to support facts. The author introduces the role of multicultural education. In the United States, the author portrays a society of multi cultural characteristics with significantly diverse socio-economic and political viewpoint. In that respect, Learners must be accommodated in their different cultural backgrounds to promote expression of individual’s views with the goal of achieving convergent interests. The author emphasizes education system as critical in imparting democratic spirit in the society as it involves learners from childhood towards adulthood. The text is relevant to the increasing need to expand democratic approach in conflict resolution and sound governance systems in this era of globalization.

Strategic Management and Information Systems Coursework

Strategic Management and Information Systems - Coursework Example The strategic position of an organization must be clearly understood to ensure that strategic choices for future and strategy management issues are put into action. As a result, the internal and external environment of the organization are analysed to develop strategies necessary for resource allocation. Successful allocation of resources enables the organization attain a competitive advantage towards goal achievement (Paul, 2006). The Adizes PAEI Model of management is a four faced model with short-term orientation, long-term orientation, internal and external orientation. The key players in this model are; the Producer, Administrator, Entrepreneur, and Integrator (PAEI). Their roles in the four orientations produce results, procedure systems, creativity continuity, and motivation co-operation. The producer is concerned about the external and short-term orientation programs for the organization. The focus is result oriented in relation to the plans and management roles of the organization. The implementation of the strategic plan must comply with the market perspective of the organization. The entrepreneur element integrates external and long-term orientation with a focus on creativity and continuity in the market. Through this element, strategic management enables exploration of new market opportunities to enable the organization attain competitive edge advantages. The roles of strategic manager are not very different from those of other managers but are obliged to operate within the tight confined market. The thinking of strategic managers is abstract, affecting their roles within the organisation confined to three decision levels; strategic, tactical and operational roles. These roles affect and are influenced by external and internal environmental factors. This level offers an organization a competitive riding advantage over others. This could mean that an organization would

The Importance Of Coaching Management Essay

The Importance Of Coaching Management Essay This chapter will include recommendations following the analysis and findings of the last chapter. Suggestions about the coaching function of PMS will be further elaborated so as to help the organisation. A conclusion will also be included so as to sum up this study. Importance of coaching First of all, it is crucial that all the employees of the organisation are provided with the opportunity to learn more about coaching. Even though the majority of employees and managers opted for the definition of coaching as per Parlsoe (1999), we can still notice that a few seem to define coaching as counseling or others. Therefore, they should be sensitised. This can happen through focus group or creating more awareness about the function of the PMS. Managers should especially have an in-depth knowledge about coaching as they would be the one to coach other employees. Also, coaching should not be imposed on employees as this may create negative feelings and they might not appreciate it when they are being coached. Instead, they should be given the chance to know more about the benefits of coaching. Coaching Process Without a proper process, coaching cannot be fully exploited and thus would not bring the expected result which is to improve performance. A coaching process is used to guide both the coach and coachee during the coaching process. Each stage is important as it allows a good flow if information in both directions and allows both the coach and the coachee to determine whether coaching is bringing in results. In this context, the establishment of a coaching process is essential. HR can in collaboration with the managers devise a most appropriate coaching process which could be used. This process will include well designed stages that managers would have to follow while coaching. Coaching Culture As pointed out in the previous chapter, the coaching culture of the organisation is at the tactical stage (Megginson and Clutterbuck, 2006). From the findings, it is clear that organisation is aware of the importance of setting a coaching culture but however, the level of understanding of what would be involved remains low. For coaching to be embedded in an organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture, just recognising its importance is not enough. Everybody has to play their respective roles. For instance, the HR professionals are at the best position to develop strategies for coaching to occur and also aligning it with the objectives of the organisation. Therefore the intervention of HR is essential. They could set up the structure for coaching to take place. Additionally since coaching requires a 360 feedback, HR could work in this direction to enable such process to run smoothly. But the intervention of HR only is also not sufficient; the participation of top management is required. Leaders and managers need to embrace coaching. They should be the one to build coaching accountability. Furthermore, the participation of employees is mainly required. Employees should recognise the importance of coaching of a coaching process as well as accept it. Employees should be willing to be coached. Training Managers It is vital that managers are trained so that the can be good coaches. From the findings, it is seen that 40 % of managers do not even agree that coaching form part of their duty. As such, it should be made clear to the managers whether they need to coach their subordinates or not. These managers should be more exposed to coaching and its benefits. By understanding more about coaching, the managers would have a clear view of what is required on from them. When a manager engages himself to coach, he needs to be clear about the procedure to be undertaken. He ought to follow certain well defined and meaningful stages of coaching. Besides, managers can be trained to be coaches. In this context, the help of external coaches could be required. During the training sessions, they would increase their knowledge about coaching and know more about all the aspects of coaching. Moreover, the managers would learn how to tackle each stage of the coaching process. They should also be empowered with particular coaching models and techniques that they would be able to use to coach their subordinates. However, coaching is not only about processes and models or techniques. There are certain soft skills that coaches need to acquire to be able to coach. These skills would help them to better communicate with their coachees. It should also be noted that managers should adopt certain roles while coaching. 83.3% of managers agree that they do not adopt any role while coaching and this may hinder coaching. Managers need to be acquainted with the roles of facilitator, assessor, supporter and advisor as this would highly be beneficia l for them. Alongside, while adopting these roles, managers may better communicate with their subordinates. If a manager is only following a certain process without engaging himself, the results may not be as expected. As a coach, a manager additionally needs to build a relationship of trust with his coachee. As stated by Ulrich (2008), coaching is a relationship ultimately. Therefore, there should be a two-way communication which would allow a good flow of information. This information would in turn be helpful in knowing the following. Where the employee stands for the time being? What are the areas where the employee needs to improve? Is coaching being helpful and the right approach? Whether the employee wants to improve? What are the actions to be taken to improve performance? Coaching style As seen in the analysis chapter, even though a PMS is implemented, coaching is not being carried out at all the levels. Some employees state that they are not being coached. Additionally, the question raised to know more about the coaching culture of the organisation brought mainly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“neutralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as answers. This shows that there is not really a coaching culture at the CEB. In an organisation, where coaching culture is at such a stage, there need a lot of improvement to reach a point where coaching occurs naturally. In this context, am appropriate coaching style should be adopted. When we talk about inexperienced individuals, a hands-on style is best suited. But if we are talking about highly experienced individuals, a hands-off style is more appropriate. But since we noticed that managers have not totally acquired the skills needed to coach, they first of all need to enhance their skills and find a coaching style which is appropriate for them to deliver coach ing. Summary This chapter concludes all the recommendations. There are certain areas that need particular attention for coaching to take place and to be carried out well. Finally, we can say that for coaching to be successful and consequently bring in positive results, the contribution of each and everyone in the organisation is vital. 6.0 Conclusion In the light of the above, we can deduce that coaching can have a significant impact on employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance. Literature shows that coaching should be carried out in a certain way and includes a process which is constituted of several stages. Organisation can benefit from coaching when the organisational culture fosters coaching and when managers are good coaches. In the analysis and findings, we saw that coaching is being carried out partially at the organisation. A certain percentage of employees firmly state that they are not being coached but also say that coaching can improve their performance. This indicates that employees are aware that coaching can help in improving their performance. Also, some managers who coach their subordinates mentioned that they did not adopt any role while coaching other employees. Furthermore, a number of managers also said that they did not make use of the soft skills needed to coach. This point to the fact that they are not totally prepared to be good coaches. Nonetheless, they agree that these skills should be developed so that they can play their role of coaches. Recommendations were then made following the findings. The main points included in the recommendations were, the importance of coaching and raising awareness among employees. Also, more awareness should be raised about the coaching process, the coaching culture, coaching style and training of managers. This research enabled us to know how coaching was being carried out at the CEB and where should the organisation focus even more to be able to use coaching as a tool to improve performance.

A Critique of Thank You for Smoking. . .? :: Expository

A Critique of â€Å"Thank You for Smoking. . .?" Peter Brimelow is a senior editor for Forbes magazine. The essay was written taken from Forbes magazine (July 4, 1994). Peter Brimelow’s â€Å"Thank You for Smoking† is a misleading argument which has very little precise evidence and illustrates a weak argument. The essay is about how smoking in some small ways, can be good for you. (Brimelow). In his claim it sounds like he isn’t sure of it himself because he used â€Å"might be† and â€Å"some† which are not strong argumentative words. When stating a major claim it has to be strong and get the message clear. It is supported by logic and reason, not by emotional rhetoric. (Clark 5). Brimelow’s rebuttal talks about the Surgeon General and how he has determined smoking is not at all dangerous to your health. A rebuttal points out instances in which the claim or warrant might not be true or ways the audience might object to what the author is arguing. He goes on to say that 400,000 deaths are related to smoking each year. His rebuttal to this is comparing smoking with driving. He goes on to say that driving causes 40,000 deaths in one year. These two numbers comparing the number of deaths caused my smoking and car accidents are not even close to comparison. Another car can collide with them or bad roads can cause accidents, while smoking is totally preventable and can be controlled by the person. Value is what the author believes strongly in and in this essay freedom is Brimelow’s value stated. I think it was clever using freedom to compare because it appeals to people and it gets their attention and keeps it. He says driving cars is dangerous and people have the freedom to drive cars then they should have the freedom to smoke where they want. Is it the smoker’s right to come into a room full of non-smokers and light up a cigarette? Should all the non-smokers have to bear the smoke or have to leave because they have a right to smoke anywhere they want. Smokers have the right to smoke but only where smoking is permitted. If they want to harm themselves let them do it alone and not harm people who want to breathe clean air.

College vs. High School Essay

There is so much freedom and you must use your time wisely in order to succeed. When you get to the university you will find you meet all sorts of people from all over the place with so many different cultural backgrounds and religions and beliefs and opinions. You get exposed to new ideas and new experiences. The classes are very different too. If you live on campus, it will likely be your first time living away from home, which is a huge experience. And once you find your major, you will find your people. You will actually be going to school with people who want to be there. As opposed to high school where students have to be there and many can careless about the subjects. College is a completely new experience with many unique aspects that can change and help define one’s life. Many people love college, and find it to be a new beginning. It is a new opportunity to define yourself as an individual. You can establish a new image, because everyone is looking to do the exact same thing. In college, it’s time to strap down and get to work. There’s really no room for error. Classes are spread out throughout the week, and you often have much down time. There is a lot of work and it is crammed into a short period. It is up to you to know when to eat lunch, and it is up to you when to study. It is also your decision to fill that time where you are not studying or doing work with productive things. High school is a period in which many new things happen. You now find yourself in a world full of raging hormones, honors classes, and new found freedoms. High school is routine in a way. You have your eight or so classes year round, and you know when you will be eating lunch. The same kids you went to elementary and middle school with probably are the same kids you went to high school with. Basically, high school is much regimented, and many people find themselves having the same friends for many years. Because of this, in turn once a â€Å"reputation† or â€Å"image† was established for you in high school, most likely that was going to stick with you for the rest of your time left. The work in high school is a piece of cake. Unless you are taking honors or AP courses, there is really no reason why someone’s GPA should drop below 2. 5. Classes in high school are small in size, usually between twenty and thirty students, and there is a one on one feeling with the teacher. It is a laid back atmosphere because everyone knows each other. Also in high school, many students find a way around the â€Å"school† part. Countless students slack off and don’t apply themselves to their work or studies. Because of this, many students find themselves doing new extracurricular activities, and I think we all know what is meant by that. It is very easy in high school to fall into bad habits. High School is a perfect opportunity to go down the wrong path and find yourself in bad situations. In conclusion, even though high school is an important step in life, college is an even bigger step. They are similar in some ways but in others they are the same. High school prepares you for college. It is a time full of new experiences and lessons. College is a new chapter in life and you can basically start over. In a way, college is a mature version of high school. High school and college are what you make of it. To find the true similarities and differences, one must experience both for themselves.

Five External Elements In Organisational Environments Commerce Essay

Customers plays indispensable portion in every concern. Pull offing the client experience has become a serious organizational purpose. It ‘s a agency to protect and develop trade name trueness and therefore that person ‘s economic and advocacy value to the administration. Body store is a good established administration around the universe, which produces pure natural cosmetics for everyone. Because of high monetary values merely few clients can buy their merchandises, remainder prefer other trade names, which are available in low monetary values than Body store. That will impact the company by lower net incomes. Rivals: Rivals are administrations that produce goods and services that are similar to a peculiar administration ‘s goods and services. Presents, cosmetics are indispensable portion of the life, many rivals are entered into the market by presenting their merchandises with low monetary values to vie with others. Then, everyone could prefer those merchandises, which are available in market with low monetary value and same natural merchandises. That can be show difference in gross revenues of trade name of L'oreal. Economic forces: Economic factors have a enormous impact on concern houses. The general province of the economic system, involvement rate, phase of the economic rhythm, balance of payments, are cardinal variables in corporate investing, employment, and pricing determinations. The impact of growing or diminution in gross national merchandise and increases or decreases in involvement rates, rising prices are considered as premier illustrations of important impact on concern operations. To asses the local state of affairs, an organisation might seek information refering the economic base and hereafter of the part and the effects of this mentality on pay rates, disposable income, unemployment, and the transit and commercial base. The province of universe economic system is most critical for organisations runing in such countries. For illustration, during recession clip, adult female do n't travel to purchase expensive merchandises, so, prefer to purchase low monetary values merchandises. Technological Forces: Technological forces influence organisations in several ways. A technological invention can hold a sudden and dramatic consequence on the environment of a house. First, technological developments can significantly change the demand for an organisation ‘s or industry ‘s merchandises or services. Changing engineering can offer major chances for bettering end accomplishments or endanger the being of the house. Technological prediction can assist protect and better the profitableness of houses in turning industries. Social forces: Social forces include traditions, values, social tendencies, consumer psychological science, and a society ‘s outlooks of concern. Determining the exact impact of societal forces on an organisation is hard at best. However, measuring the altering values, attitudes, and demographic features of an organisation ‘s clients is an indispensable component in set uping organisational aims.( B ) Briefly explain in item one unpredictable dynamic external factor which adversely impacted in L'Oreal gross revenues of organic structure store trade name merchandises in 2008One of the major unpredictable dynamic external factor is recession. Recession is a lessening in the economic system of the state. Peoples stop purchasing cosmetics. That decreases the gross revenues and hard currency spending of Body store. Womans are regular clients for cosmetics, adult female do n't travel to purchase expensive merchandises, so, prefer to purchase low monetary value merchandises. That adversely decreased the gross revenues of organic structure store in 2008.( C ) Briefly explain the difference between a dynamic V stable component in the organizational environment impacting on L'Oreal. Give an illustration of each type of component.Dynamic elements:Suppliers Customers: Customers are really of import for any concern. L'Oreal cusmotics are rather expensive than other trade names, merely affluent people prefer L'Oreal trade names. Because of those cusmotics are made by nature elements, so they ne'er go back to pass money, whatever it is low monetary value or high monetary value. Rivals: Example of L'oreal rivals are Revlon, Shiseido Economic forces Technological forces Demographic forces Political forcesStable elements:Distributors Barriers to entry Social cultural factors2. ( a ) Briefly explain what company civilization is, it ‘s major dimensions and how a company can promote a positive civilization.Every workplace has a civilization Basically, organisational civilization is the personality of the organisation. Culture is comprised of the premises, values, norms and touchable marks of organisation members and their behavior. the corporate civilization is the operating work environment that is set and shaped by the executive: The manner people dress The manner people conduct their work The manner people interact with public. Company cultures develop and they change over clip. As employee leave the company and replacings are hired the company civilization will alter. If it is a strong civilization, it may non alter much. However, since each new employee brings their ain values and patterns to the group the civilization will alter, at least a small. As the company matures from a start up to a more constituted company, the company civilization will alter. As the environment in which the company operates alterations, the company civilization will besides alter. The company civilization will alter and it is of import to be cognizant of the alterations. Major dimensions of company civilization is Invention and hazard pickings Attention to detail Results orientation Peoples orientation Team orientation Aggressiveness Stability Those features can do company civilization strong. By offering publicities, fillips and increasing rewards can actuate employers into positive civilization. That will assist company turn strongly and maintain civilization alive.( B ) Brief explain what a learning company civilization is, and how company can make a learning civilization.An organisation ‘s â€Å" learning civilization † as its ability and willingness to encompass single and organisational acquisition as a strategic portion of its concern scheme. Learning company civilization describes company policies, environment, codification of frock, company profile. If we want to be successful at a company, and bask where we work, we need to accommodate to the company ‘s civilization. Companies look for the people for occupation who know and esteem the company ‘s civilization wage attending to expected norms of behavior physique and maintain positive working relationships with supervisors, colleagues and clients value constructive unfavorable judgment as a agency to better and enhance personal public presentation show involvement in the company keep a positive attitude company can make learning administration by following features: Personal command Mental theoretical accounts Team acquisition Construct a shared vision Systems believing Personal command: company allow directors to authorise employees and let them make and research something different to larn company civilization in order to develop company. Mental theoretical accounts: this theoretical account can make employee to make task better without find harder. Team acquisition: This method is more of import than single acquisition. All the determinations are largely made by squad. Team acquisition can better employee believing power by larning new thoughts. Systems thought: This is a conceptual model that allows people to analyze concerns as delimited objects. Learning organisations use this method of believing when measuring their company and have information systems that measure the public presentation of the organisation as a whole and of its assorted constituents. Construct a shared vision: This is really of import in actuating the staff to larn, that provides concentration energy for larning. Individual vision of employees are most of import in administration. The shared vision is frequently to win against a rival.

Nintendo Marketing Report Essays

Nintendo Marketing Report Essays Nintendo Marketing Report Paper Nintendo Marketing Report Paper Report on Nintendo plc Table of contents Table of contents2 Introduction3 Exchange process4 P. E. S. T. E. L Analysis5 Segmenting markets6 Marketing information and research7 Product Anatomy8 Product Life Cycle9 New product development10 References12 Introduction Nintendo is the worldwide innovator in the creation of interactive entertainment. Based in Kyoto, Japan, Nintendo, Co, Ltd manufactures and markets hardware and software for its Wii, Nintendo DS, Game Boy Advance and Nintendo GameCube systems. Since 1983, Nintendo has sold nearly 2. billion video games and more than 420 million hardware units globally, and has created industry icons like Mario, Donkey Kong, Metroid, Zelda and Pokemon. Founded on September 23, 1983 by Fusajiro Yamauchi Nintendo has since The exchange process (Transactional marketing) The exchange process is essentially the â€Å"bottom line† when looking at the principles of marketing from an organisational perspective. Followed closely by profitability, transactional marketing can be recognised within both popular and accepted definitions of marketing. Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer requirements profitably. (Chartered Institute of Marketing 2001) Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organisational objectives. (American Marketing Association 1985) The exchange process is identified specifically within the (AMA) definition where it refers to exchange as a result or goal of correct practice of pricing, promotion and distribution of goods and services. Below are a couple of examples of the transaction process when customers purchase Nintendo products. When a customer buys a Nintendo product they are entering into a luxury good transaction. This means that the customer is spending a fairly substantial amount of money. With this in mind the customer must have preconceptions and expectations of what they will get from the product. These will either come from advertisements or past experiences. Specifically, if an individual is willing to pay over a hundred pounds for a pocket sized Gameboy, the product must in turn provide the desired output which in this case is fun. Transactional marketing is simply the customer and organization entering into a deal where both parties receive something of value. Nintendo have recently expanded their market to include families and people of all ages. The reason for this expansion is the Nintendo Wii. This product can harbour up to 4 players and Nintendo have released an advertising campaign showing families enjoying product together. In exchange for their cash families and individuals are made aware that the Nintendo Wii will provide fun for years to come. P. E. S. T. E. L Analysis PoliticalEnvironmentalSocioculturalTechnologicalEconomicsLegal Health and safety is a key area the government look for when scrutinising companies. A way in which they are doing this is to ensure that all products pass strict Quality standards. Like all other major corporations Nintendo is subject to intense global pressure to go â€Å"greener† and protect the environment. According to the official Nintendo website all factories and offices recycle paper, plastic and cardboard and In all their shipping they use recyclable goods. Nintendo have recently been targeting older markets with their DS console. Games and applications such as brain age and Sudoku have been enticing sales from the over 25 market. (Note reference A. )During recent years Nintendo have had the majority market share of the portable videogame market. Yet it is currently in direct competition with Apple and the I-phone. (Note reference B)Nintendo’s quarterly profit rose by 31. 5 percent since last year, (2008) from 90. 63 billion yen a year earlier to 119. 19 billion yen. Thats roughly 500 million pounds. (Figures from www. itfacts. biz) Nintendo is involved with many legal issues to mainly ensure the safety of their products; Copyrights. Trademarks Patents Counterfeits Liscences. Etc. British and Quality standards are safeguards put in place to ensure that any products released into the UK market are safe for use or consumption. Nintendo have to take into consider many things when concern with quality standards. Nintendo have contracts with vendors to ensure proper recycling of all electrical goods. Products no longer include styrofoam in either software or hardware. Nintendo have greater than 99% recycling rate of all product returns and repair parts. They also offer a take back programme with consumers for all older products. The generic gamer market is males aged 18-34. After releasing the Nintendo Wii this market has expanded significantly. It is now common for a households and even pubs to incorporate The Wii entertainment system. Nintendo have been continuously innovative within the last 20 years and the technology introduced within the Nintendo Wii has proved highly effective in keeping ahead of its direct competitors; (Xbox, Playsatation 3)Sales of the Wii have jumped by 51 percent since Q1 2008 to 5. 17 million units since April. In the same quarter, PS3 sales reached 1. 56 million units and Xbox 360 shipments hit 1. million units. (Figures from www. itfacts. biz) A copyright gives the owner of the product exclusive rights to sell and reproduce it, Nintendo has copyrights over software, game visual display, game music, game characters etc. Two of the main issues associated with Nintendo’s products are ; Electrical goods and Safe for use of children. Nintendo also have their own company stand ards. (Ref D)Nintendo products tend to have long-lasting value, as many consumers hang on to them long after having upgraded to new consoles or hand held units, accessories or software. For used, working Nintendo products, there are a variety of online options to sell these products to interested fans. Specifically Nintendo has approached the female market by introducing applications for the Nintendo DS where users can follow recipes and watch videos while doing so. It has been said that up to 80% of the Nintendo Wii users are female. The Nintendo Wii is the only games console to date where physical activity has been introduced. In many people’s opinions the Wii fit games have arrived at right time within a health conscious society. Nintendo is taking up the largest market share of all the competitors within the global video game market, this recent influx is largely due to the success of the Nintendo Wii. A patent is a grant of the exclusive right in an invention for a period of time. Nintendo owns many software, hardware and design patents. (Reference A) ‘More than three million copies of Brain Age have been sold in Japan since 2004, and more than two-thirds of the buyers were older than 25. The U. S. version will cost $20 at Best Buy and other retailers. SEAN ONEILL’ Apr 2006. (Reference B) Nintendo, whose gadgets and software dominate the portable-videogame market, faces the greatest risk from the emergence of Apples iPhone and iPod Touch as gaming platforms. But Mr. Iwata says attempts to create a rivalry between the two companies make him uncomfortable, because he says it isnt true. He argues the companies appeal to different consumers. Yet Apple has made clear that it intends to go after Nint endos turf’ (Daisuke Wakabayashi. Nov 11, 2009) (Reference C) This Official seal of quality shows the consumer that the product is authentic. Segmenting markets (Psychographic) Geographic segmentation is dividing the market depending on its location. Nintendo is a worldwide corporation so it needs to be able to acknowledge all areas of the developed world. The global marketing strategy of the Nintendo Wii, is concentrated mainly on Nintendo’s three key markets of Japan, United Kingdom (UK) and United States of America (US). Demographic segmentation tells us specifically about the customer, they profile the customer into age, gender, race, income, occupation and social status. Nintendo have recently expanded their market targeting specifically women nd the over 25s. Geo-demographic can be defined by combining the above two segments. This particularly helps organisations to understand how and where their customers live. Behavioural segmentation takes into account the buyers relationship with the product. Factors such as benefits sought, usage rate, loyalty, attitudes and buyer readiness all come into behavioral segmentation. Multivariable segmentation refers to using a number of different variables and types of segmentation to develop a rich profile of a target group of customers. Nintendo undertake this process to access any underlying target market. Psychographic segmentation is also known as lifestyle segmentation. Psychographics go deeper than other variables and attempt to engage the customer on more of an emotional level. ‘The term lifestyle is used in its widest sense to cover not only demographic characteristics, but also attributes to life beliefs and aspirations’ (Brassington and Pettitt 2008, p. 205) With this in mind the marketer can make calculated assumptions about a lifestyle group’s buying habits or traits. In 2001 Mazzoli carried out extensive market research in France to identify and understand various lifestyle groups. After the research had been carried out he found that six lifestyle groups had emerged. (Brassington and Pettitt 2008 p. 203) Although the participants made up a small fraction of the French population, it was useful information because the groups clearly reflected a much larger number. It is also common for marketers to break this segment down into 4 bits; Activities, interests, opinions and demographics. It is important for Nintendo to be conscious of its target market’s activities because this is essentially what they are tapping into and emulating with their products. When the Wii was first released it was targeted at the younger gamer market (Males aged 12-25). The games that were introduced at this stage included Wii sports, bowling, golf, and the generic Nintendo games such as Mario cart. By releasing games such as these Nintendo put themselves at risk of closing off large sectors of potential markets. With many consumers the Wii was perceived as a â€Å"kiddie console†, this was not their aim. Nintendo has countered this by expanding their market to include older generations and females which they have done so successfully. So successfully in fact that the number of female users of the Wii now far surpasses males, (Note table A) Table A POLARIS MARKETING RESEARCH COMPANY2EUROPE INTERNATIONAL MARKETING RESEARCH COMPANY Customer satisfaction surveys. Polaris offers a service where they conduct a huge number of customer satisfaction surveys. This is done in a number of ways including telephone, internet, IVR, and mail. This would be very useful to Nintendo because it would provide them with valuable customer feedback. 2Europe provides a full range of qualitative marketing research services across Europe including, focus groups, face to face and telephone executive depth interviews. 2Europe provides focus group venues of research partners in each European country, Nintendo are a global company so relations within foreign countries is very important. This will help to familiarise them with markets of different cultures and also public opinion. Unlike Polaris, 2Europe can help the organisations with Business to Business interviews. This would be beneficial to Nintendo as deals need to be made with wholesalers and distributors on a worldwide scale. Brand research and planning, Polaris state ‘Brands exist in the marketplace and as such there are three separate sets of forces working on your brand and determining how it is perceived in the marketplace. First is your company and the actions you are taking in the marketplace, next is your competitors and the actions they are taking for their brands and against yours. Finally, economic and social trends impact your brand. ’ Polaris claim to make your brand robust within current and future markets. Nintendo is one of the most successful brands in the world and thus does not require any external brand management. 2Europe also provides a range of qualitative research capabilities. These include face to face street interceptors, mall tests, Online surveys and telephone interviews. Quantitative research is predominantly the most reliable type of market research as it puts the company and its customers in direct contact. The data collected will be put into manageable charts and tables so the company can understand the results. This type of research is often required when companies are trying out new products and because Nintendo is a continuously innovative organisation it would be essential for it to undertake some sort of quantitative research. Employee Surveys Measure Employee Satisfaction, Polaris will conduct employee satisfaction surveys that will measure the organizational communication of the company emphasizing the downward and upward communication in the organization. This could prove very valuable to Nintendo as they are a large organisation and ‘it is an organization’s employees who influence the behaviour and attitudes of customers, and it is customers who drive an organization’s profitability through the purchase and use of its products. ’ (Research from Northwestern University)As indicated within the title, 2Europe are an international research company who attract businesses hoping to understand and work within the European market. This can at times seem like an insurmountable task and the barriers that often occur are languages, culture, local economy and lack of communication. Europe have put together a four step programme to minimise the risks. ‘Appoint an experienced project manager, Establish a clear ‘Implementation Process’. Create a baseline for analysis. Minimise the variables’ (2Europe marketing research official website) Nintendo are aware of their three most successful and import ant markets; Japan, United Kingdom (UK) and United States of America (US). In order to be more successful within central Europe It would be beneficial for Nintendo to incorporate a programme Similar to the one 2Europe offers. Customer Retention part of Customer Lifestyle Research, A customer lifecycle market research survey program could included surveying prospective customers, competitors customers, new customers, loyal customers and previous (lost) customers. Conducting these surveys could possibly make Nintendo aware of why they have lost customers to their competitors. This is important information because in order to stay ahead of your competitors Nintendo must understand what they are doing to entice customers from the same market,Similarly to Polaris, 2Europe recognise the importance of employee loyalty and satisfaction. Ways in which this can be measured is by asking employees for their feedback, Finding out how the employees rate key aspects of the organisation often provides the senior managers with valuable information on how to improve employee satisfaction. Nintendo currently have 3400 employees worldwide and to ignore their input would be counterproductive. With growing evidence to suggest employee satisfaction directly correlates with customer satisfaction it would seem wise for Nintendo to pay attention to this area of research. Anatomy of a product When looking at the anatomy of a product for Nintendo or any other organisation, it important to break the anatomy down into four key sections; core product, tangible product, augmented product and potential product. Nintendo’s current core product is the Wii console. The console on its own is obsolete and without such augmented products such as games and controllers the customers will be distinctly unsatisfied. However, when the console is used in conjunction with these products the core benefit of the product comes to life. As previously stated the Wii is an expensive luxury good and its main purpose is to provide the user(s) with endless interactive fun. The core product is a durable product meaning it will last for years and have multiple uses. Although the Wii is currently retailing at ? 169. 99 it is a relatively low risk product, this is because the customer will have used the product before purchase and Nintendo offers warranties and easily available repairs. With many customers the brand name Nintendo is linked with providing hardwearing quality goods, this is assumed by its millions of loyal customers worldwide. The tangible product is essentially the marketer turning the core product into a real product which embodies the core benefit. In the case of the Nintendo Wii the tangilble product includes product features, quality level and branding and packaging. The features the Wii boasts are Wii sports, a set of interactive games that emulate real sports including golf, boxing and tennis. Quality level can be related to the visual display of the console. The graphics of the gameplay, clear crisp pictures are more likely to encapsulate the user. The augmented product represents add-ons to the existing product. This is very important within the gamer market as successful augmented products can boost the sales of the core product. For example if a videogame is released exclusively on the Nintendo Wii and it brings in lots of revenue, customers who don’t own a Wii console will purchase one just to play this game. The Wii is often sold in packages including games and controllers. Customers are commonly subject to marketing ploys by Nintendo where they will have to buy various augmented products such as memory sticks and rumble packs. Customers are lead to believe these products will intensify the gaming experience. The three previous sections have described the product as it is now where as the potential product describes the product as where it could be in the future. If we look at the Wii when it was first released it was directly aimed at the younger gamer. After Nintendo’s successful market expansion it is now used by people of all generations and genders. This is a result of correct use of product potential when the product was in the early stages. Product mangement (Product life cycle) There are four key stages within the product life cycle and it is important to think of the product’s life within the market. These four stages are introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Introduction, when a product begins its life within a market, sales will be slow and profit will more often than not be negative. The speed in which sales and profit increase is a reflection of how well the product has been promoted and the levels of anticipation created. The marketer’s main aim within the introduction stage is to create wide spread awareness within the selected market it is essential that within the introduction phase the correct promotion is fulfilled because this could prove extremely damaging to sales and profit if the introduction stage is prolonged. Then Growth stage is where the sales begin to increase significantly, this could be because product awareness is spreading rapidly and reputation is building. This is also the stage where profits begin to rise quickly, in many cases this can be due to repeat purchases, but in the case of the Nintendo Wii it is likely to be due to reputation and widespread promotion and awareness. Competitors will often try to combat an organisations product during its growth by releasing a similar product at a cheaper price. This will threaten to flatten the growth curve unless something is done to retaliate. In order to maintain a growth curve the organisation may have to lower prices to compete. When the product reaches its maturity phase it has achieved the optimum sales and profit. This is essentially the stage where repeat and loyal customers have been established. There will be heavy price competition from competitors and the market is generally stable. There will be short run booms due to certain augmented products being released but the product will typically begin its decline hereafter. Once a product has reached its decline it is nearly impossible to stop it. This stage is where the sales and profit slow down rapidly and most people who liked the product have already purchased it. It is of the discretion of the marketer whether they want to milk the product, which means withdrawing support of investment or promotions and try to get as much profit out of it as possible, or regenerate some sales by increasing advertising etc. The Nintendo Wii is in the maturity stage of the product life cycle. The product has been on the market for over two years and after a recent successful regeneration due to releases of Wii fit and fifa 10, the Wii will sit in the maturity stage until subsiding to a decline. New product development ‘A market characterised by dynamically continuous innovation tends to involve new products with a significant degree of innovation’ (Brassington and Pettit 2008 p. 387) an example of a market that is dynamically innovative is the Men’s razor market. Companies such as Gillette, Mach and Braun are always competing for the next best razor. These are continuously innovative companies as roughly every 6 months they seem to release a razor that is different from the previous one. It is however important that these new products still resemble a generic razor. Companies can put themselves at risks of alienating themselves within a market if a product is too distinct or complicated. This type of innovation definitely applies to Nintendo because they are always competing with Playstation and Xbox within the gamer market, The Nintendo Wii has was the most innovative console to date and Nintendo’s competitors are working harder than ever to combat irs success. Discontinuous innovation is by far the hardest and most sought after market to be in. Usually linked with entrepreneurship, companies strive to come up with the next big thing. This type of market requires a whole new learning experience from the customer as they are dealing with something entirely new. Marketers have to make the customers aware of the product and try to explain it before purchase. This is extremely hard to achieve because if the product seems too complicated the company is at risk of losing a large customer base. References Beth Snyder Bulik. Advertising Age. (Midwest region edition). Chicago: May 8, 2006. Vol. 77, Iss. 9; pg. 24, 1 pgs SEAN ONEILL. Kiplingers Personal Finance. Washington: Apr 2006. Vol. 60, Iss. 4; pg. 26 Daisuke Wakabayashi. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N. Y. : Nov 11, 2009. pg. B. 5 www. itfacts. biz (27/11/09) BRASSINGTON,F. , S. PETTITT, 2008, Principles of marketing fourth edition, Harlow, Pearson education www. wiitalk. co. uk/forums/general-wii-discussion/14866-demographics. html (02/12/09) polarismr. com/brand-audit. htm (03/12/09) incentivecentral. org/pdf/employee_engagement_study. pdf (03/12/09)

Victim Typologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Victim Typologies - Essay Example mization which involves only a single person being targeted – the objective is easy, there is one person on the mind of the potential criminal and he wished to target only him for the purpose of benefitting in some manner; secondary victimization involves that a person be targeted indirectly or impersonally where the criminal may target someone close the actual person he wants to target however brings in the aspect of threat; tertiary victimization refers to when the entire public (absolutely anyone) is being targeted and there is no particular target in mind as the object is to scare a larger crowd of people; mutual victimization is the fourth type that occurs when there are two sets of criminals that turn against each other and target one another for some purpose; lastly, no victimization is when it is difficult to understand and identify the target. There are a number of differences between victimology and criminology, the major being that in criminology, time is spent studying the focal point of the offender and the motive behind his crime whereas in victimology, the goal is to help the victim suffer as less as possible while restoring him back to his community with a healed relationship and state of mind with respect to the crime. The former refers to studying the relationship that a criminal has with a victim with respect to the crime as well as the motive behind committing the same and the latter refers to studying the victims and helping them improve their social status as well as working conditions. Both these studies fall under the branch of crime studies and they significantly assist in increasing the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. There have been a number of criminal cases of late which may be marked with either of the victim typologies; as of June 13, 2011, the body of a young student Lauren Spierer has been missing and the police in Indianapolis have been looking for signs of either life or death. Her family has been worried sick

Acquiring Business Communication Skills Necessary for Business Essay

Acquiring Business Communication Skills Necessary for Business Graduates - Essay Example From this study it is clear that at the same time, in the process of effective communication, all participants who take part in this process must possess proper and equal knowledge, after completion of the process. So, success of information distribution and evaluation, after a communication process, implies adequacy of the concerned communication skills. Good communication skills enjoyed by an individual helps him or her to experience an enhancement in all domains of life. The context of the paper will first identify and evaluate the types of general communication skills and then, will analyze the types of business communication skills. After this, the paper will state some empirical cases, which shows that business communication has significantly helped in improving the business of certain organizations. Finally, the researcher would precisely recommend the required communication skills for students of the University.  This paper outlines that  interpersonal communication skill s are attributes required when individuals are in a face-to-face communication process. It involves two or more individuals. Verbal communication is a type of interpersonal skill. This skill elaborates effectiveness of the speech of an individual.  Non-verbal interpersonal skill comprises God-gifted attributes like, personal appearance and self presentation. The effectiveness of such a communication process depends on body language, gestures, facial expression, signals and physical outlook of the communicator.

History response 10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History response 10 - Assignment Example The sudden halt of opium trade greatly affected the British since they were the main exporters and therefore the new rules meant that they would no longer conduct any opium trade with the Chinese citizens who were their main clients (Gibson). It is because of this that the Britons took up their weapons and headed for china in one of the most controversial war that has ever happened, â€Å"the opium war† (Gibson). The war resulted to massive loss of lives all in the name of free trade between China and Britain. Trade between China and Britain resulted large acquisition of wealth, this is because whereas the British obtained their wealth from the selling of opium to the Chinese, Conversely, the Chinese also benefited a lot from the trade since they also took this position to sell their tea to the Britons who were their major clients as well (Gibson). The British were real lovers of the Chinese tea to the extent that by the 18th century they would import about six million pounds of tea on an annual basis. The opium that was being exported to China was mostly used in the manufacture of drugs but the reason why the Chinese government suddenly decided to declare the trade illegal was the fact that the drug was being mixed with tobacco then smoked for more pleasure which later resulted to drug abuse and opium addiction(Gibson). Although the opium war caused massive loss of lives, but finally it resulted to development of a much greater China- Britain relations both in terms of trade and economic boost. Trade between the two nations received a boost after the construction of five ports in a move to promote foreign trade

Primate Evolution Essay Example for Free

Primate Evolution Essay The theory of evolution began when man first noted his distinct similarity to apes. The possibility of a common ancester with the modern apes had been discussed since the mid 1800’s, but it wasn’t until Charles Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species in 1859, that the idea was considered legitimate. Since that time, fossil records have helped us to deliniate and define our evolutionary history and to describe the many human-like species that have lived on the earth over the last 8 million years. Charles Darwin studied a population of finches that had been isolated on the Galapogos Islands, and described the theory of natural selection, whereby over time, each finch had changed in ways that made it more successful in a particular niche. He observed fourteen different species of finches, all who were very similar, except for the size and shapes of their beaks. He noted how each type of beak was shaped very specifically for the type of food the bird ate and explained that the changes were due to the natural selection of the characteristics in a species that made it more successful at obtaining food and at reproducing. If a finch with a slightly longer beak was more efficient at eating termites from holes in trees, he would survive longer and reproduce more than his short beaked counterparts who ate termites. His offspring that inherited his slightly longer beak would also survive longer and reproduce more. Over time, the longer beaked finches would be more prolific than the shorter beaked version within that particular niche and the adaptation would flourish while the shorter beaked finches would die out. Eventually, speciation occured (the development into reproductively separate species), as the termite eaters with longer beaks became more distinctly separate within their environment and became reproductively isolated. This gradual change of a segment of a population into reproductively different species, in response to an environmental pressure (competition) for survival factors is called adaptive radiation. Although Darwin mentioned nothing about human evolution in his first book, his science minded peers were able to understand how his theory applied to humans. Initially there was much debate by the general population over the idea that humans could have evolved from the same lineage as an ape, but by 1870s, the scientific community had already come to the general conclusion that a fossil record would be found in Africa, where our great ape relatives were found. In the 1920’s, as predicted, Raymond Dart found bones from Australopithecus africanus, a hominid who lived between 2-3 million years ago in the Pliocene Era. They were discovered in a cave in Africa. From the skeletal structure he was able to determine that the specimen was bipedal; a defining trait of humans, and the size of its braincase was between that of modern humans and apes. Since that time, paleoanthropologists have been able to trace the evolutionary history of the primates including hominids, for some 85 million years and can determine many facts about their lifestyle through the study of fossils and other artifacts (O’Neal, 2006). There is not a complete record, and although paleoanthropologists have presented us with many pieces of the puzzle, we do not know exactly how man evolved into the species we are today. Some researchers have speculated that many of our developed traits were due to adaptations for an aboreal life. The premise of this idea is that as angiosperms became prevailant, an overlapping canopy developed that allowed cross movement from tree to tree. The canopy was a niche that had little competition and provided advantages for primates. Over time and through natural selection, primates took to the trees. They developed opposable thumbs and short finger nailed, grasping hands for holding onto branches, binocular vision for depth perception, and more complex brains to be able to better deal with balance and complex navigation (Simons, 1992). The difficulty with this idea is determining why, since there are other aboreal animals without these characteristics, primates developed them. There had to be some other factors that added the pressure for choice of these characteristics in primates. A primary characteristic of hominids is bipedalism. We likely developed from a chimpanzee-like, knuckle walking ancestor. The reason for the change from using all four limbs for locomotion to standing upright, on two limbs is unknown. There are several theories that focus on environmental conditions as being the motivating factor. One such theory is called the Savannah Hypothesis which proposes that due to drier conditions, the African forests thinned and disapeared. Bipedalism developed both as an adaptation to facilitate movement across the grasslands and as a way to give early hominids use of their hands for food cultivation and tool use since they were no longer needed for locomotion (Simons, 1992). The pressures that fuel evolutionary trends are those that are required for the species improved survival. We immediately think of food and shelter, but perhaps the most critical in insuring the continuation of a species is reproductive strategy. Primate reproductive strategies today include those that are monogmous (one male and one female), those that are polygynous (one male and multiple females), those that are polandrous (one female, multiple males), and those that are promiscuous (multiple males, multiple females). Eighty percent of primates practice polygyny, eighteen percent practice monogomy, with polandry seen only in some of the Callitrichids, the marmosets and tamarins, and promiscuity seen in chimps. The evolution of polygyny can be easily rationalized. In polygynous strategies, the egg has a high energy cost and the female puts her energy into childcare. Males may help with childcare as well, but females have a long period of gestation and then a period of lactation, so childcare is their primary focus. Females must focus also on food, not only for themselves, but for their offspring, whether directly or as an energy source for lactation. Therefore, female primates will naturally search for food sources. It is advantageous for females to congregate for childcare, for shared food sources and for safety. Reproductive success for a female primate is through the focused care of each individual offspring. Males do not have the same enforced biological costs throughout the reproductive process. Sperm are easily produced in large quantities at a low energy cost. Reproductive success for males is through the number off offspring he can produce. Under these circumstances, polygyny is the most efficient reproductive strategy for species survival (O’Neal, 2006). Mongomous primates have a different environment. Monogomy is driven by the spacial arrangements of females or when the male’s role in childcare is critical. When females do not gather, it is logistically not feasible for the male to obtain additional mates. Gibbon females will not tolerate another female in her claimed territory. The males might have the tendancy toward polygyny, but the females won’t allow it. Monogomy in tamarins is necessary because of the relative size of the offspring to parent size. The young, although still dependent on parental care, quickly grow to near adult size. It is nearly impossible for a single female to raise her offspring alone. Although reproductive strategy is varied among primates, each species’ tendancy is based on the evolutionary pressure for their survival and success. Recent fossil discoveries have been able to describe an evolutionary history that dates back as far as 4. million years ago to the Autraliopitecines. An almost complete skeleton was found in 1974 in Hadar, Ethiopia and adopted the name Lucy. This was the first human –like homonid. Lucy was bi pedal and had a large brain for her body size of 48 inches. Since that time, other fossils of Australopitecines have been uncovered, but Lucy remains the most complete, and is the standard for the species (Primate Info Net, 2008). Homo habilis is thought to have descended directly from a species of Australopithecine hominid and lived from approximately 2. 2 to 1. million years ago. Fossils found in Tanzania in 1962 by Louis and Mary Leakey show that Homo habilis was short and had long arms, like the Australipithecines, but had a decrease in facial protrusion, giving it a more human-like appearance. They used rudimentary tools in their hunting and gathering (Primate Info Net, 2008). Homo erectus had a larger brain case than Homo habilis and stood slightly more erect. They also had more sophisticated tools that were able to cut and slice. They had discovered the use of fire and were the first actual hunter-gatherer society. They lived approximately 2. 2 to 1. 1 million years ago and were the first to leave Africa and travel throughout the Great Rift Valley (Primate Info Net, 2008). . Homo sapiens archaic or Neanderthal Man inhabited Europe and parts of Asia approximately 1. 2 million years ago. They were a fairly sophisticated society. They buried their dead, had fire, ate meat and had modern tools like hand axes and knives. They were adapted to a colder climate with short, robust statures and large noses. Their brain capacity was greater than modern humans and they had language. There were probably only about 10,000 Neanderthals and they slowly disappeared as modern man, Homo sapiens sapiens began to appear 200,000 years ago (Primate Info Net, 2008). . Throughout man’s evolutionary history there has been a trend toward greater intelligence, mobility and refined physical and mental control. We are evolving each day towards a better version of ourselves. Are we the final model? Or will we eventually be replaced by a more efficient, successful hominid? In all likelihood, we will.

Schottky Diode Lab Report

Schottky Diode Lab Report INTRODUCTION A Schottky diode is the common name for a metal-semiconductor junction, it is the work function between the semiconductor and metal that determines whether the junction is ohmic or rectifying [1]. This lab will focus on the fabrication of a Schottky diode and the characteristics they possess. In principle, Schottky diodes are rectifying as the current can only flow one way. They can also handle high frequencies and have lower power loss which makes them ideal for many applications [2]. These include being extensively used in power electronics, general purpose rectifiers and due to its non-linear I-V curves, it is able to be used as a varistor which in turn can be used for voltage suppression [2]. Also there is a low capacitance of the device which makes it more ideal than alternative diodes. OVERVIEW OF THEORY An Ohmic contact is needed on the bottom part of the sample as without this, any measurements taken would create a very high resistance as the semiconductor and the metal probe used to measure would create two diodes facing each other, therefore no current could flow. This is overcome by diffusing indium and germanium onto the semiconductor wafer. Gold is also used to prevent any oxidisation on the sample. The wafer is firstly placed into the tube furnace with the gold, indium and germanium on it then heated at 420 °C for 90 seconds. This is to enable quantum tunnelling so there is little resistance and only the semiconductor and top metal are measured. Figure 1 shows the energy band diagram of a metal-semiconductor junction, which is rectifying as the work function of semiconductor is higher than that of the metal. Figure two is the Schottky diode characteristics and when compared to figure 3, the PN diode characteristics, it shows that the turn on point is lower in the Schottky diode, which means less power is needed to operate, however there is a higher leakage current in reverse bias. DEVICE FABRICATION When working with such easily influenced devices, safety must be upheld at every milestone. This is first enforced by the dress code that is required in the laboratory. Each person must wear an overcoat, safety glasses, gloves, overshoes and a hair net. Due to e ven the smallest particles being able to affect each sample, the dress code is necessary to ensure that very little dust gets into the clean room. Also, there are many different chemicals in the room therefore more precautions are needed when working with them. All guidelines set out by the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations must be vigorously followed. Using these guidelines, all chemicals must be used inside a fume cupboard as any spillages will be contained and the fumes can be collected. There are also hot plates and other specialised equipment that should be handled with care to ensure no damage comes to either the user or the machine itself. The cleanroom is comprised of 3 different areas. The first is where the entrants of the cleanroom put the safety equipment on, the second is the main laboratory area and the final is the yellow room. Each room is connected to the next with interlocking doors that only open when all others are closed.   This is because each has a different pressure level due to the need of having to keep as little dust in the main room to stop the contamination of samples. The high pressure level in the main room help to filter out any unwanted particles in the room. The air flow is also monitored to ensure that if there is a drop in pressure, the right actions can be taken to rectify any issues. The yellow room has special lighting due to the sensitivity of the devices that will be later described, however the main difference is that both red and blue colours have been taken out as the devices are easily affected by UV lights. The clean room being used for this experiment is classified as Class 6, this refers to the particle size compared to the maximum particle density. Once all safety aspects have been covered, the process to create the device can begin. The first step is cleaving. This is where the wafer is cut into small sample sizes, usually 3x3mm, as the wafer is very expensive and only a small amounted is needed to complete the experiment. A special machine can be used to perform this however it is also achievable by hand. When the sample has been cut to the necessary size, it is essential that a three stage solvent cleaning method is used. This is to ensure that there is little to no dust on the sample. To complete the three stages, the sample must first be placed into a beaker of N-Butyl Acetate (NBA) that has been heated on a hotplate. Once it has been in the beaker for a short amount of time it must be removed and then cleaned with a cotton swab that has also been dipped in the NBA. This is done by rolling the swab forward whilst pulling back so that as many particles as possible are collected. The sample is the turned 90 ° and swabbed again to collect any particles that may have been missed. This process is again completed but with the sample being dipped in Acetone and then Isopropyl Alcohol to complete the three stage cleaning. After this has happened, the sample is then dried with Nitrogen gas. Due to the small size of the sample, it is much easier to handle on a larger material, such as a glass slide. This is done by heating the slide on a hot plate then melting wax onto it then placing the sample on that. This is then left to cool and will now be ready for the next stage. The next stage is photolithography. This is required to put a pattern onto the sample so that testing of the device can happen and is exclusively completed in the yellow room. As mentioned earlier, the stages throughout this part will mean that the sample will be affected by UV lights so it is necessary to complete this in the designated room. Firstly, the sample is placed on a hot plate for one minute. Then it is placed onto the spinner and spun at 4000rpm for 30 seconds and dried with nitrogen gas. Now a few drops of photoresist are added, this is the solution our sample will be printed with. Again the sample is placed in the spinner 30 seconds and then soft baked on a hot plate for exactly 1 minute. If the sample is baked for too short, the sample will stick to the machine used in the next part and if baked for too long the sample may become damaged. Once the sample is completely dry, it is placed into the mask aligner. Each corner is lined up using the microscope and the camera s o that a complete pattern is across the sample. Once completed, the machine is set for 6 seconds and exposes the sample to UV light, the time needed varies with different materials. The sample is then washed in a beaker of developer solution for exactly one minute as again if the time is not strictly adhered to, it can have adverse effects on the sample. Finally it is washed in deionised water and dried with nitrogen gas. Now the sample has the same pattern which was imprinted from the mask aligner as the photoresist has been taken away from the parts that are needed. Now metallisation must happen as the sample needs a metal layer placed onto it. This is completed by placing the sample in a vacuum chamber and placing a small amount of aluminium inside a tungsten coil. Tungsten is used as the process involves heating the chamber to a point where the aluminium will evaporate but the other materials will not. As the chamber heats, the aluminium creates a thin layer across all of the inside of the chamber, this layer is approximately 0.2ÃŽ ¼m which can be calculated by knowing the amount of aluminium used. As the chamber is a vacuum, there will be no chance of an oxide layer being created which would ruin the sample. Using the vacuum also means that less pressure is needed and that a lower temperature can be used. Due to the evaporation covering the entire surface of the sample, the Lift-off process is needed to remove any parts of the metal that is not needed. The photoresist has protected some parts of the semiconductor from the metal and this needs to be removed to leave the parts where there is a direct contact between the metal and semiconductor. This is done by placing the sample in a beaker of acetone and syringing the sample until the photoresist, and the metal on it, is removed. This process is usually quite quick but can take anywhere up to 20 minutes. The final stage before the sample is ready for experimental observation is to remove the sample from the glass slide. This is completed by heating the sample on a hot plate until the wax has melted. Once this happens the sample is then cleaned with the same three stage solvent cleaning method earlier describe to remove any remaining wax. Finally it should be dried with nitrogen gas, with care taken as the sample could be blown away due to it not being on the glass slide. Once the all stages have been completed the sample is ready for analysis at the probe station. DEVICE CHARACTERISATION Now the slide is ready, the first test can commence. The sample is placed in the probe station and a Source measurement unit (SMU) is connected to the probe station and a computer so the results can be recorded. As the SMU acts as both the source and meter, this is connected to one probe whilst the base is connected to the other. Now the probe is carefully aligned onto one of the small circles that has been created on the sample, with great care being taken due to the sample only having a very thin layer which is easily penetrable. Next, a voltage sweep is created from -3V to 3V with a low current limit so ensure the device is not broken. Once the data has been recorded the probe is moved onto a different circle and the process is repeated. The behaviour of the Schottky diode can be modelled by the following equation: If the gradient of the voltage versus Log(J) is taken, the equation can be rearranged to find n. n is the factor that is used to determine the non-ideality of the diode. The values for the current density and n can be found in table 1. The next experiment is to measure Capacitance verses Voltage. The measurements will be taken in a similar way to the IV measurements however, a LCR meter will be used instead. This is due to the LCR being able to measure capacitance and phase angle. For these measurements, the sweep will start at 0 and be reduced until the phase angle is roughly 75 °. This is due to the need of being in reverse bias. The following formula can be used to find the dopant density of the semiconductor. The dopant density of the sample was found to be ***. The voltage barrier of each diode can be found by taking the gradient of the graphs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Reviewing the IV graphs it is clear that as the current increases, the linearity of the current density starts to become unstable. This can be explained due to the possibility of defects in the sample. In most industry practices, technicians are not present during the manufacturing fabrication stage and is solely completed by machines. Even though great care has been taken to ensure that the samples used in this exercise have been unaffected by unwanted particles, there is clearly still evidence of impurities throughout the sample. When the data from the CV graphs is reviewed, the observation that as the diameter of each diode increases, the barriers height decreases can be made. Having a higher barrier height is important as this will create a rectifying contact which is beneficial as it only lets the current flow one way. Therefore the conclusion can be made that having diodes with lower diameters have more advantages when creating Schottky diodes. This lab has demonstrated how a Schottky diode has been made and what the different characterises are. Great care has been taken to ensure little impurities affect the sample however there is still room for improvement and shows the essential need to uphold the safety requirements. Due to the low power needed and the fast switching abilities Schottky diodes are able to be used much more universally than standard PN diodes.